Tuesday, December 13, 2011

A new way to kill cancer cells

By Christina Hernandez Sherwood | July 22, 2010, 4:00 AM PDT

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Unlike normal cells, cancer cells can grow and age without dying — one of the reasons they’re so dangerous. But researchers at Washington State University have developed a way to help cancer cells age and die, which could lead to treatment that slows or stops tumor growth.
The research, by Weihang Chai of the Washington State University School of Molecular Biosciences and colleagues, was reported in the current issue of The EMBO Journal. It was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health and the American Cancer Society. I spoke with Chai this week.

How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of their mortality?

The big difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells can divide forever and live forever. We call this immortality. The normal cells will divide for a number of divisions and then stop growing. They get old and either they die or they sit there and do nothing. They are mortal.
Cancer cells have a way to maintain their telomeres. Their telomeres don’t get shortened. Each time the normal cells divide they lose some telomere DNA sequences. Eventually when the telomere DNA becomes too short, they stop growing. There are also other factors contributing to the mortality of normal cells.

Is the immortality of cancer cells what makes them so dangerous?

The cancer cells divide uncontrollably. Then you have more and more cancer cells in one location of your body that can invade the surrounding tissues and disrupt the function of the normal tissues. They form the tumor. The cancer cells also can circulate around your body and get into other places and form tumors in the new locations. This is in part due to the immortality of cancer cells. They don’t die. Normal cells grow at one location and at some point they will stop.
Talk about your work on making cancer cells “more mortal.”

The majority of the cancer cells, about 90 percent, they activate a molecule called telomerase. Telomerase is usually not activated in normal cells, except for in stem cells. In cancer cells, the telomerase is active. The function of telomerase is to add telomere DNA at the short telomeres. That’s why cancer cells don’t lose their telomeres. In the normal cells telomerase is off, so there is no way to maintain their telomere length. [This would suggest that] if you kill the telomerase in cancer cells, the telomere [would gradually shorten] and the cancer cells will die.
However, recently we have found that the telomerase extends just one strand of DNA. The other strand should be synthesized by other molecules, other proteins. We found the molecule that’s responsible for synthesizing the other strand. If you block the function of this molecule, then the telomere cannot be maintained properly, so the cell also just stops growing.
We’re just at this stage now. We don’t know how this whole thing works. We’re working on that and hopefully in the future we can design a way to target this process, not directly target telomerase but target the synthesis of the other strand. That’s another way of stopping the cancer cell’s growth.

What’s the next step to move this research forward?

The next step will be to find out how this whole thing is regulated. We’d like to know whether in normal cells the synthesis of the other strand also occurs because you want to specifically target the cancer cells. If this does exist, [we want to know] whether the same process is regulated by different pathways in normal cells compared to cancer cells. Our ultimate goal is to see if there are any specific targets we can inhibit in the cancer cells.

Could this eventually become a treatment for people with cancer?

We hope so. It’s going to be a long way. That probably will involve some other research groups, not just our group.
Image: Dr. Weihang Chai

Monday, December 12, 2011

Warburg's Prime Cause of Cancer - Flood the body with Oxygen

Ed McCabe (Mr. Oxygen)
Simplified Copyright 2001 by Ed McCabe

BIOGRAPHY

5/18/01
Ed McCabe, "Mr. Oxygen" is a best selling author and writer in the innovative health area. He has lectured worldwide, and was honored as the recipient of international awards. He is the first and only person in history to create mass public awareness of the existence and benefits of oxygen therapies. Mr. McCabe, along with Senator Harkin and former Congressman Bedell, brought former AIDS patients and their doctors to the National Institute of Health. The patients became healthy due to using oxygen therapy. Mr. McCabe's international expertise, recognition, popularity, and experience enabled him to appear on network US television on April 21st, 1994.

Mr. McCabe holds a degree in Educational Media from the University of Massachusetts. He is an investigative journalist and leading international author, lecturer, and promoter of oxygen therapies. His ongoing involvement with advanced healing modalities encompassed a span of over 25 years. He solely focused upon oxygen therapies as a research journalist during 12 years of intensive study, investigation, experimentation, interviews, and travel. As a result, he is recognized and acclaimed as an international expert on the subject.

Without a publisher, his best-selling, and now classic, 1988 book "Oxygen Therapies, A New Way of Approaching Disease" sold over 250 thousand copies through word of mouth. His was the first publication in history to detail every known therapy that used special forms of oxygen to eliminate disease and restore health by ridding the body of toxins and microbes, while simultaneously boosting the immune system. As a direct result of Mr. McCabe's writings, his audio and video tape publications, and his extensive worldwide appearances and lecturing, millions have now learned that the proper use of oxygen supplementation and therapies are of prime importance in order to stay healthy, optimize performance, and to successfully treat disease. "After all," he teaches, "Your immune system runs on oxygen, and the disease causing microbes, like most of the bacteria and viruses, can't live in it."

In addition to "Oxygen Therapies," Mr. McCabe has written a syndicated newspaper and Internet column, "Ask Mr. Oxygen," and numerous national magazine articles. His writings have appeared in "Aids Patient Care," "Health Freedom News," "Explore!," "East West Journal," "New Perspectives," and "Well Being Journal" magazines, and he was featured on the cover of "Health Consciousness" magazine. After appearances on over 1,500+ radio and television programs and speaking platforms in the U.S., England, Scotland, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Holland, and New Zealand, he became internationally recognized as a prominent and captivating lecturer. A "Maury Povich" TV talk show was devoted to his emerging oxygen therapy work, and featured Mr. McCabe and one of his no-longer-sick-with-AIDS adherents as central guests. The Bio-Oxidative Medicine Foundation - an international oxygen therapy physician's group - honored him with its prestigious "Special Recognition," and "Distinguished Speaker Awards."

Mr. McCabe is unique in his distinction as the only person who ever interviewed thousands of oxygen therapy using patients and hundreds of doctors worldwide, while investigating research and treatment centers, and at the same time publishing and lecturing on the results. Although several oxygen therapies have been quietly in use for over 100 years, prior to Mr. McCabe's body of work, the general public was unaware of them. His undertakings to benefit the good of mankind earned him his popular title of "Mr. Oxygen." The numbers of professional and lay adherents of these therapies grows rapidly due to his promotion of their simple effectiveness. US manufacturers and the professional organizations surrounding the oxygen therapy concepts are now flourishing, in large part, due to Mr. McCabe's years of relentless lecturing and purposely focusing the public's attention on their efficacy. The knowledge that Mr. McCabe gathered, and created, and then taught us, is the very foundation of our modern public understanding of oxygen therapies. This foundation that we all now stand upon which he repeatedly laid down is so large, and so much a part of the now "common knowledge" of oxygen therapy, that we scarcely notice it did not exist before his pioneering work. With the assistance of lots of people from all over the world, Mr. McCabe created the oxygen therapy umbrella, and then explained its concepts while promoting them. He is the modern "father" of all the medics, patients, customers, suppliers and manufacturers comprising our oxygen therapy industries. This is his legacy.

Over the past 12 years, 47 distributors in eight countries, including the largest US health book distributors, sold his publications, tapes and videos. He currently lives in southern Florida with his wife Leeda. He is writing a new oxygen book while consulting, lecturing, and appearing as a media guest. His advice is often sought by noted personalities.

Executive Director, Foundation For The Advancement Of Oxygen Therapies Executive Director, Energy Institute Memberships: International Bio-Oxidative Medicine Foundation International Ozone Association International Association For Oxygen Therapy



Warburg's Prime Cause of Cancer 
Simplified Copyright 2001 by Ed McCabe

Adapted from two-time Nobel Prize winner (respiratory enzymes) Dr. Otto Warburg's: "The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer" and his other papers by Ed McCabe. Lecture delivered to the membership of the Cancer Control Society annual meeting, Labor Day 2001, by Ed McCabe


Postulate - Prime Cause of Cancer



"Because no cancer cell exists, the respiration of which is intact, it cannot be disputed that cancer could be prevented if the respiration of the body cells would be kept intact." (Everything in quotes in this paper is from Warburg)


Secondary Causes of Cancer



There are many secondary causes of cancer like poisons, microbes, radiation, foreign objects in the body, viruses, retroviruses and other injuries.


But, there is only one prime cause of cancer. The only things all cancers have in common is that something took away the cell's ability to breathe, mechanically, chemically, or energetically. The prime cause of all cancers is impaired cellular respiration.

Cells are constantly dividing. When any newly formed (embryonic) cell is denied 35% or more of the oxygen it needs, its mini breathing mechanisms and respiratory enzymes are no longer saturated with oxygen. When the oxygen transferring enzymes in the cell are no longer saturated with oxygen, the cell is damaged severely - as respiration decreases irreversibly. Respiratory enzymes not saturated in oxygen end up just like if you burned up your car engine by running it without oil. This can happen within two rounds of cell division under low oxygen conditions. As respiration falls, the cell struggles, but can't keep up the high energy production levels normally sustained by converting oxygen into ATP energy.

As the cell's damaged breathing (its high energy producing complex) fails, the cell loses all its higher functions and de-evolves, or "de-differentiates" into a simple plant type cell. Cancer cells often are seen as green under proper magnification just like a plant. Why does Nature convert the damaged human cells into "plant" cells? Because that's the only option left that can still maintain life. Plant cells use fermentation, a much simpler and inefficient form of energy creation common to simple organisms. Fermentation is a simple process that converts body sugars (glucose) into a weak form of energy and produces a lot of lactic acid. But fermentation is so inefficient that it only allows the cell to grow and grow and grow. The damaged cells can no longer be special individuals (differentiated) with special functions. Think of this process as Life trying to continue in the form of a plant, since the human form is no longer working correctly.

ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is the energy currency of the body.
1 mole of fermentation lactic acid produces 1 mole of ATP = cancer.
1 mole of oxygen during respiration makes 7 moles of ATP = health.

If circumstances keep denying these severely damaged cells access to 35% or more of the oxygen they need, they keep growing, but incorrectly. That's why we have to remove the external cancer causing agents. The cells know they are lacking in energy, so in a valiant attempt to create more energy, they ferment more and more, while trying to catch up. And when it comes time for them to reproduce, the damaged cells make exact copies of their own damaged selves which in turn make more copies of more fermenting cells. I just described cancer.

"For cancer formation there is necessary not only an irreversible damaging of the respiration but also an increase in the fermentation."

If the host body is suffering from radiation or other poisons, is low on oxygen, and doesn't have lots of active respiration enzymes, these unnatural conditions allow these fermenting cells to spread. Their unregulated growth and increasing amounts of waste products crowd out and choke off the oxygen from normal cells, and they eventually take over slowly.

Latency

Latency? Not exactly. The takeover may show up many years later, after the first damage when the respiratory enzymes were no longer saturated with oxygen, and the normal cells turned into fermenting cancer cells. The cancer silently grew and grew and grew as the fermenting cells took over. "The most important fact in this field is that there is no physical or chemical agent with which the fermentation of cells in the body can be increased directly: for increasing fermentation, a long time and many cell divisions are always necessary." And, "The mysterious latency period of the production of cancer is, therefore nothing more than the time in which the fermentation increases after a damaging of the respiration."

This is why it is useless (except as part of the proposed repair) to only cut out or irradiate a cancer without reversing the underlying causes. Without enough oxygen, the normal cells will just keep mutating into acidic fermenting cells. In the very earliest stages of embryonic development normal body cells ferment for a bit, but quickly evolve and the fermentation drops away and is replaced by normal oxygen respiration only. But if the oxygen is kept low during their development, they have to keep fermenting to survive. When this happens they mature as fermenting cells! You can remove small tumors, but the surgery may release fermenting cells into the body. If the body is not clean, and saturated with oxygen and enzymes, the fermenting cells may find new homes someplace else. "There would be no cancers if there were no fermentation of normal body cells."

Unlike oxygen using cells, fermenting cells have, relatively speaking, incomplete digestion. They excrete mostly lactic acid and depending upon where they are in the body, other actual metabolic toxins and amines that freeze up muscles and cause other damage like further blocking respiration. The elimination of toxins is another burdensome drain on the body's resources.

Summary



To summarize, anything that causes cancer somehow lowers the body's ability to carry oxygen to the cells, or damages the respiratory enzyme transport of the oxygen into the cells, or damages the reactions in the cell using the oxygen to make energy.

There are many secondary causes of cancer. A lot of money has been wasted funding research on chasing these tangents. The prime cause is known, and we need to focus in on that. If anaerobic retroviruses are attacking the body and disrupting cell respiration, we know viruses and bacteria only live in us because cellular oxygen levels are too low. The low oxygen levels could be made worse due to the continual piling up in the body of pollution and foreign substances. Or, the body could defensively be growing aberrant capillary networks starved for oxygen around foreign objects like implants. Many women sadly called me after getting breast cancer from breast implants. Or poisons or x-rays have damaged the cell's respiratory enzymes.

"Carcinogenesis by x-rays is obviously nothing else than destruction of respiration by elimination of the respiring grana." You can kill cancer cells with chemotherapy or radiation because cancer cells are weaker. Normal cells appear, at the treatment time, to survive these poisons because they are stronger, but their respiration has been damaged. And we know what that means in time:"…the descendants of the surviving normal cells may in the course of the latent period compensate the respiration decrease by the fermentation increase and thence become cancer cells."

Repairing Respiration (Getting Rid of Cancer)



Is it possible to fix the problems? Indeed, I interviewed hundreds of newly converted Oxygen Therapy using healthy people that were once cancerous. Many of them had doctors that had sent them home "to die" because "there's nothing more we can do." Standing there talking with these bright eyed healthy survivors, one by one for 12 years, yes, this experience has convinced me the problem can be fixed for the vast majority who correctly follow the protocols.

Warburg postulated that because young cancer cells with partially damaged respiration live in the body almost aerobically, inhibition of any further growth on their part using fermentation should be possible by repairing their damaged respiration before the fermentation gets locked into a mature cell.

Three preconditions exist for his proposed repair. Like planting a garden to raise healthy cells in, you have to clean up and prepare the soil before you plant.

1. All growing body cells be SATURATED with oxygen.
Warburg emphasizes again, …all body cells be SATURATED with oxygen... So grab your favorite oxygen therapy and get at it. As Mr. Oxygen has said for 12 years, "Flood The Body With Oxygen, Properly and Safely"

2. External cancer causing agents are kept away, at least during the treatment.
Stop smoking, drinking, using dope, breathing poorly, and eating processed, hydrogenated, and unhealthy food, being X-rayed, working around toxins, or being depressed. Start exercising.

3. Safely flood the body with (replace the damaged and missing) active groups of respiratory enzymes. As Warburg said, "These enzymes are harmless and should be increasingly added to food, in the greatest amount, even forever." Be careful, not too much iron.

Warburg's Active Groups of Replacement Respiratory Apo-enzymes
Iron salts like Ferric Fructose, Iron Fructose
Riboflavin (B2) Important for body growth and red cell production.
There is no known toxicity to riboflavin. Because riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin, excess amounts are excreted by the body in the urine.
Nicotinamide (B3) (Niacin) Niacin in high dosages gives a redness flush from increased circulation, and may cause itching. Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Cyanocobalamin (B12) required for phase one detoxification of chemicals in the liver
Cytohemin (plant iron groups) Beet crystals, chlorophyll, spirulina
d-amino-leuvlinic acid (precursor to oxygen transferring hemins, heightens sugar utilization)
The body will attempt to normalize the metabolisms of cancer cells by using the extra active groups of enzymes we give it. The body's attempt to normalize the undifferentiated cancer cells normally results in their elimination. It is therefore expected that the growth of metastases can be inhibited with the enzymes. If the respiration of the body cells can be kept intact by adding enough enzymes, cancer could be prevented.
Keep doing these three things: oxygen boosting, carcinogen removal, and enzyme replacement, and the body should halt any further growth of fermenting cells. Then one exercises patience and just waits for the old damaged cells to die out and be digested. This may take months. Bromelain is an excellent enzyme supplement for digesting this old dead cell protein.

(My favorite Warburg quote) "These proposals are in no way utopian. On the contrary, they may be realized by everybody, everywhere at any hour… The prevention of cancer requires no government help and no extra money."

Cancer Prevention



What if you don't have cancer, but don't want it either? Don't worry, you're covered.

Warburg Stated, "To Prevent Cancer:"

Keep the speed of the bloodstream so high the venous blood still contains sufficient oxygen. (Add seaweed extracts like Dulse to your food to boost the metabolic rate, drink lots of clean water, exercise regularly, especially by rebounding, and using a Chi Machine.)
Keep a high concentration of hemoglobin in the blood.

Always add the active groups of respiratory enzymes to the food and keep increasing them if a pre-cancerous state has already developed. Check my website for the best current combo.
Exclude external carcinogens rigorously. Live and work where it's clean.

According to a major cancer society, 175,000 women have breast cancer nationwide in 2001. Why is there so much cancer? Remember, keeping the oxygen up, and the respiratory enzymes intact, are the keys to the prevention and repair of cancer. We know sufficient oxygen is chronically missing from our food and environment. But what about the enzymes you assume are in your food? After all, eating fresh means that the enzymes are all supposed to be in there, aren't they? Watch out, even if you try to shop correctly you can be shortchanged. Here are a few quotes from a typical anti-cancer (Stop Cancer) web site.
Cooking Destroys All Enzymes

Unfortunately, cooking any food at temperatures above about 116 degrees Fahrenheit kills all enzymes. All canned or bottled foods contain no enzymes because they are cooked before being processed. Most fresh-frozen vegetables also generally have no enzymes because they are usually dipped in hot water before freezing.

Commercial Farming Destroys Enzymes

Even The Raw Vegetables And fruits You Eat May Be Enzyme-Deficient!
Raw vegetables and fruits can be an excellent natural source of enzymes. Unfortunately, they contain no enzymes when they are picked "green" (often the case in supermarkets because they have to be transported over long distances). Enzymes can only develop when they ripen on the plant. Irradiating food, or treating it with preservatives can also destroy enzymes.

Cancer and Enzymes

And vnow consider that collective groups of fermenting cancer cells - just like colonies of bacteria - will protect themselves as best they can from your own immune system, because they are trying to survive.

"Cancer cells hide themselves under a thick coat of adhesive fibrin, a coat that is some fifteen times more thick than the fibrin over normal cells. The thickened coat hides away their suspicious markings, including their antigens, from the body's immune defenders."

And under low oxygen conditions,

"The cancer cells with their sticky coating can adhere to tissues where they congregate and multiply. To throw the body's immune cells further off track, the cancerous cells may slough off their antigens. The immune cells immediately attack these harmless proteins but leave the cancerous cells unharmed. It is a type of warfare that could make a military general envious.

The cancer cells grow because of the absence or inadequate presence of enzymes that are capable of stripping the fibrin away from the individual cancer cells. Adequate enzyme activity can lay bare their antigens and so pave the way for their destruction by the body's immune cells."

Echoing Warburg's admonishment, "These enzymes are harmless and should be added to food, in the greatest amount, even forever." the anti cancer site goes on to say. "The more cancer cells the body produces, the more enzymes that are required."

Apart from all the people I interviewed who no longer have cancer because they "saturated" their bodies with oxygen during clinical ozone therapy, is there any recent proof that saturating the body with oxygen or its higher forms like ozone can slow or stop cancer? Try this one out on a skeptic:

Proof Oxygen/Ozone Works on Cancer

1980 Aug 22nd Sweet F, Kao M S, Lee S-CD (Dept of obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo) & W. Hagar (St Louis Air Pollution Control) publish in "Science" Vol 209:931-933, a U.S. peer reviewed scientific journal, their study: "Ozone Selectively Inhibits Human Cancer Cell Growth." They announce "Evidently the mechanisms for defense against ozone damage are impaired in human cancer cells." "All of the cancer cells (lung, breast, uterine and dometrial) showed marked dose-dependent growth inhibition in ozone at .3 and .5 ppm" while the normal cells were not affected. "Evidently cancer cells are less able to compensate for the oxidative burden of ozone than normal cells." They also stated that ozone inhibits cancer 40 to 60%, and up to 90% in a dose dependent manner. [The ozone dose used was way too low to show what can really happen! Try 27 mcg!]

The Warburg Effect


The Warburg effect is the observation that cancer cells exhibit glycolysis with lactate secretion and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen.[1]
Warburg's hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924.[2] He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g. adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis). This is in contrast to "healthy" cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria. Hence, according to Warburg, cancer should be interpreted as a mitochondrial dysfunction. Warburg reported a fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration; this observation is also known as the Warburg effect.
Cancer is caused by mutations and altered gene expression, in a process called malignant transformation, resulting in an uncontrolled growth of cells.[3][4] The metabolic differences observed by Warburg adapts cancer cells to the hypoxic (oxygen-deficient) conditions inside solid tumors, and results largely from the same mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that cause the other abnormal characteristics of cancer cells.[5] Therefore, the metabolic change observed by Warburg is not so much the cause of cancer, as he claimed, but rather, it is one of the characteristic effects of cancer-causing mutations.
Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a paper entitled The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer which he presented in lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on June 30, 1966 at Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany. In this speech, Warburg presented evidence in support of the claim that anaerobiosis was a primary cause of cancerous cells. Put in his own words, "the prime cause of cancer is the replacement of the respiration of oxygen in normal body cells by a fermentation of sugar."[6]
In recent years, Warburg's hypothesis has re-gained attention due to several discoveries linking impaired mitochondrial function as well as impaired respiration to the growth, division and expansion of tumor cells. In a study by Michael Ristow and co-workers, colon cancer lines were modified to overexpress frataxin. The results of their work suggest that an increase in oxidative metabolism induced by mitochondrial frataxin may inhibit cancer growth in mammals.[7]
Subsequent work has shown that the Warburg effect, indeed, might lead to a promising approach in the treatment of solid tumors. The chemical dichloroacetic acid (DCA), which promotes respiration and the activity of mitochondria, has been shown to kill cancer cells in vitro and in some animal models.[8] The body often kills damaged cells by apoptosis, a mechanism of self-destruction that involves mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in cancer cells where the mitochondria are shut down. The reactivation of mitochondria in cancer cells restarts their apoptosis program.[9] Besides promising human research at the Department of Medicine, University of Alberta led by Dr Evangelos Michelakis, other glycotic inhibitors besides DCA that hold promise include 3-BrOP being researched at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) at Emory University School of Medicine, and lactate dehydrogenase A [10] at Johns Hopkins University.

See also

References

  1. ^ Vazquez, A.; Liu, J.; Zhou, Y.; Oltvai, Z. (2010). "Catabolic efficiency of aerobic glycolysis: the Warburg effect revisited". BMC systems biology4: 58. doi:10.1186/1752-0509-4-58. PMC 2880972. PMID 20459610. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2880972. edit
  2. ^ O. Warburg, K. Posener, E. Negelein: Ueber den Stoffwechsel der Tumoren; Biochemische Zeitschrift, Vol. 152, pp. 319-344, 1924. (German). Reprinted in English in the book On metabolism of tumors by O. Warburg, Publisher: Constable, London, 1930.
  3. ^ Bertram JS (2000). "The molecular biology of cancer". Mol. Aspects Med. 21 (6): 167–223. doi:10.1016/S0098-2997(00)00007-8. PMID 11173079.
  4. ^ Grandér D (1998). "How do mutated oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cause cancer?". Med. Oncol. 15 (1): 20–6. doi:10.1007/BF02787340. PMID 9643526.
  5. ^ Hsu PP and Sabatini DM (2008). "Cancer Cell Metabolism: Warburg and Beyond". Cell. 134 (5): 703–7. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.021. PMID 18775299.
  6. ^ Otto Heinrich Warburg (June 30, 1966). The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer. http://healingtools.tripod.com/primecause1.html/.
  7. ^ Schulz TJ, Thierbach R, Voigt A, Drewes G, Mietzner B, Steinberg P, Pfeiffer AF, Ristow M. (January 13, 2006). "Induction of oxidative metabolism by mitochondrial frataxin inhibits cancer growth: Otto Warburg revisited.". Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 (2): 977–981. doi:10.1074/jbc.M511064200. PMID 16263703.
  8. ^Bonnet S, Archer S, Allalunis-Turner J, Haromy A, Beaulieu C, Thompson R, Lee C, Lopaschuk G, Puttagunta L, Bonnet S, Harry G, Hashimoto K, Porter C, Andrade M, Thebaud B, Michelakis E (2007). "A mitochondria-K+ channel axis is suppressed in cancer and its normalization promotes apoptosis and inhibits cancer growth". Cancer Cell 11 (1): 37–51. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.020. PMID 17222789.
  9. ^ Pedersen, Peter L (2007-02). "The cancer cell's "power plants" as promising therapeutic targets: an overview". Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes39 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s10863-007-9070-5. ISSN 0145479. PMID 17404823.
  10. ^ {Le A, Cooper CR, Gouw AM, Dinavahi R, Maitra A, Deck LM, Royer RE, Vander Jagt DL, Semenza GL, Dang CV. Inhibition of Lactate Dehydrogenase A Induces Oxidative Stress and Inhibits Tumor Progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2; 107(5):2037-42}

Further reading



Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/warburg-hypothesis#ixzz1gOXeSQT0

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 10, 1931

The Oxygen-Transferring Ferment of Respiration

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 158 kB
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1931
From Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965
To read the text you need Acrobat Reader.

Otto Warburg Otto Heinrich Warburg was born on October 8, 1883, in Freiburg, Baden. His father, the physicist Emil Warburg, was President of the Physikalische Reichsanstalt, Wirklicher Geheimer Oberregierungsrat. Otto studied chemistry under the great Emil Fischer, and gained the degree, Doctor of Chemistry (Berlin), in 1906. He then studied under von Krehl and obtained the degree, Doctor of Medicine (Heidelberg), in 1911. He served in the Prussian Horse Guards during World War I. In 1918 he was appointed Professor at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Berlin-Dahlem. Since 1931 he is Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology, there, a donation of the Rockefeller Foundation to the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft, founded the previous year.

Warburg's early researches with Fischer were in the polypeptide field. At Heidelberg he worked on the process of oxidation. His special interest in the investigation of vital processes by physical and chemical methods led to attempts to relate these processes to phenomena of the inorganic world. His methods involved detailed studies on the assimilation of carbon dioxide in plants, the metabolism of tumors, and the chemical constituent of the oxygen transferring respiratory ferment. Warburg was never a teacher, and he has always been grateful for his opportunities to devote his whole time to scientific research. His later researches at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute have led to the discovery that the flavins and the nicotinamide were the active groups of the hydrogen-transferring enzymes. This, together with the iron-oxygenase discovered earlier, has given a complete account of the oxidations and reductions in the living world. For his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to him in 1931. This discovery has opened up new ways in the fields of cellular metabolism and cellular respiration. He has shown, among other things, that cancerous cells can live and develop, even in the absence of oxygen.

In addition to many publications of a minor nature, Warburg is the author of Stoffwechsel der Tumoren (1926), Katalytische Wirkungen der lebendigen Substanz (1928), Schwermetalle als Wirkungsgruppen von Fermenten (1946), Wasserstoffübertragende Fermente (1948), Mechanism of Photosynthesis (1951), Entstehung der Krebszellen (1955), and Weiterentwicklung der zellphysiologischen Methoden (1962). In the last years he added to the problems of his Institute: chemotherapeutics of cancer, and the mechanism of X-ray's action. In photosynthesis he discovered with Dean Burk the I-quantum reaction that splits the CO2, activated by the respiration.

Otto Warburg is a Foreign Member of the Royal Society, London (1934) and a member of the Academies of Berlin, Halle, Copenhagen, Rome, and India. He has gained l'Ordre pour le Mérite, the Great Cross, and the Star and Shoulder Ribbon of the Bundesrepublik. In 1965 he was made doctor honoris causa at Oxford University.

He is unmarried and has always been interested in equine sport as a pastime.

Biography

From Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965
This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

Otto Warburg died on August 1, 1970.

Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1931